土壤铅和镉溶出伏安法检测中影响因素及其削弱方法研究进展

溶出伏安法具有分析速度快、成本低、灵敏度高等优点被广泛应用于检测土壤重金属含量，但在检测土壤重金属时，溶出伏安检测精度会受到多方面因素的影响。该文在介绍溶出伏安法工作原理的基础上，从伏安参数、试验条件和土壤物质成分三方面阐述溶出伏安法检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+为的影响因素，解析各因素的影响机理，归纳影响削弱方法的研究进展。研究结论为：方波脉冲阳极溶出伏安法最常用于检测土壤Pb2+和Cd2+，伏安参数包括脉冲幅值、电压增量和脉冲频率，试验条件包括沉积时间、沉积电压和支持电解质种类及其pH值，土壤成分主要干扰因素包括非目标重金属和有机质。针对伏安参数和试验条件的影响可以设计优化试验有效削弱。针对非目标重金属和有机质的干扰影响，目前研究还没有提出有效的削弱方法。最后，展望了溶出伏安法检测土壤重金属的未来发展方向。     

A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

CVT起步离合器模糊控制算法研究

探讨了汽车无级变速器控制的关键技术之一———汽车起步离合器的控制技术,并针对汽车起步时条件的多样性以及驾驶员意图的不确定性,研究了适用于复杂条件的模糊控制算法.在离合器的滑磨阶段,把动态跟踪发动机转速的油压作为控制目标,离合器结合的控制便转化为一闭环控制.结果表明汽车能在任意工况下平顺快速起步.因此,本研究为控制CVT(Continuously Variable Transmission)起步离合器这种时变、非线性系统提出了一种简单可行的解决方法.     

有色金属材料在汽车上的应用现状与展望

综述了有色金属的性能特点及当今世界汽车工业中有色金属的应用与展望,阐明汽车有色金属化是汽车轻量化的主要途径.汽车轻量化后可以有效地节约能源和减少环境污染.     

铅、镉和铬在叶类蔬菜中的累积及对其生长的影响

 研究结果表明: 重金属元素铅(Pb) 、镉(Cd) 、铬(Cr) 对几种叶类蔬菜生长和产量都有明显的影响, 且其影响因蔬菜种类、元素种类和浓度的不同而有很大差异, 叶用莴苣> 苋菜> 芥菜> 菜薹>蕹菜, Cr > Cd > Pb ; 不同蔬菜类型可食部位积累重金属元素的顺序为苋菜> 叶用莴苣> 菜薹> 蕹菜> 芥菜;各元素从营养液向蔬菜体内转移的迁移累积率顺序为Cd > Cr > Pb。随着各元素浓度的增大, 对蔬菜生长的影响和其可食部分的富集量随之加大。     

Determination and Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in the Soil from Beef Cattle Farms in Three Regions of Xinjiang

In order to study and evaluate the feeding environment of the beef cattle farms in Xinjiang, the contents of heavy mentals in the soil from 8 beef cattle farms in Xinjiang Aksu, Yili and Tacheng regions were tested according to the Field of Livestock and Poultry Environment Quality Standard (NY/T 388—1999).The atomic absorption spectroscopic method was used to determine the contents of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr.The mean contents of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr in 8 beef cattle farms soil were 0.389, 0.568, 22.708, 0.573 and 149.449 mg/kg, respectively, and they were all below the upper limit of NY/T 388—1999.The comprehensive heavy metal pollution index of 8 beef cattle farms were 0.577 to 0.994, and the index were 0.7 to 1 of two observation points in Yili and one observation point in Tacheng.The soil environment quality of these 3 farms were at the level of slight cleaning.The comprehensive heavy metal pollution index of other five observation points were ≤0.7, the soil environment was in a clean level.The soil environment of beef cattle farms in these three regions conformed to the standards of livestock for environment quality and safe products.     

不同工业大麻品种对田间5种重金属吸收积累特性的比较

为了分析不同工业大麻品种对不同重金属富集与转移的差异，以云南5个工业大麻主栽品种（ym1~ym5）为试验材料，修复云南矿区重金属污染严重的农田。结果表明： 5个工业大麻品种中，成熟期的根系对Pb和Cd吸收量最大的为ym1，对As、Cu和Zn吸收量最大的为ym3，而ym5对Pb、Cu、Cd和Zn吸收量皆最小；茎叶对As、Cu和Cd吸收量最大的为ym3，对Pb和Zn吸收量最大的分别为ym1和ym2；种子对Pb和Cd吸收量最大的为ym2，对As和Cu吸收量最大的为ym5，对Zn吸收量最大则为ym3，ym1种子对Pb、As和Cu吸收量皆最小，对Cd、Zn吸收最小的品种分别为ym4和ym2；5个品种表现为除Cu外，茎叶富集系数皆大于根，根系向茎叶的转运系数均大于1。研究表明，ym1可作为Pb污染修复植物，ym3可作为As、Zn、Cu和Cd污染修复的适推品种。     

再生铝企业周边农田土壤与农作物重金属含量特征分析

为探究再生铝企业群周边农田土壤及作物的污染状况,通过现场采样及室内测试,对企业周边土壤及农作物中7种重金属元素的含量进行分析,应用空间插值法对土壤重金属的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,研究区域土壤中Cd含量相对较高,含量范围为0.11~1.86 mg·kg^-1,其平均值超过了我国土壤污染风险筛选值标准,Cu、Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As 7种元素的平均值分别达到河北省背景值的1.9、1.1、1.4、1.5、4.1、0.91倍和0.39倍,Cd元素存在强生态风险。从空间分布特征来看,土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种元素均表现出以企业为中心向四周逐渐递减的分布趋势,且高值分布范围相对其他金属较广。小麦籽粒中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb 5种元素存在不同程度的超标现象,最严重的为元素Pb,其含量范围为0.02~1.06 mg·kg^-1,与食品安全国家标准相比,最大超标倍数达到5.3倍,其高值样品分布在研究区北部。玉米籽粒也发现Cr、Zn、Ni超标的现象,Cr超标较其他重金属严重,其含量范围为0.16~1.32 mg·kg^-1。研究表明,再生铝企业活动对周边农田土壤和农作物造成多种重金属污染威胁,需要引起重视。     

Sewage sludge processing determines its impact on soil microbial community structure and function

Composting and thermal drying are amongst the most commonly used post-digestion processes for allowing sanitation and biological stabilization of sewage sludge from municipal treatment plants, and making it suitable as soil conditioner for use in agriculture. To assess the impact of sludge-derived materials on soil microbial properties, fresh (LAF), composted (LAC) and thermally dried (LAT) sludge fractions, each resulting from a different post-treatment process of a same aerobically digested sewage sludge, were added at 1% (w/w) application rate on two contrasting (a loam and a loamy sand) soils and incubated under laboratory conditions for 28 days. Soil respiration, microbial ATP content, hydrolytic activities and arginine ammonification rate were monitored throughout the incubation period. Results showed that soil biochemical variables, including the metabolic quotient (qCO₂), were markedly stimulated after sludge application, and the magnitude of this stimulatory effect was dependent on sludge type (precisely LAT > LAF > LAC), but not on soil type. This effect was related to the content of stable organic matter, which was lower in LAT. Genetic fingerprinting by PCR–DGGE revealed that compositional shifts of soil bacterial and, at greater extent, actinobacterial communities were responsive to the amendment with a differing sludge fraction. The observed time-dependent changes in the DGGE profiles of amended soils reflected the microbial turnover dependent on the sludge nutrient input, whereas no indications of adverse effects of sludge-borne contaminants were noted. Our findings indicate that composting rather thermal drying can represent a more appropriate post-digestion process to make sewage sludge suitable for use as soil conditioner in agriculture.     

国内湿地重金属污染评价的研究进展

湿地作为地球上重要的生态系统之一,具有稳定环境、物种基因保护及资源利用功能,被誉为自然之肾、生物基因库和人类摇篮。随着近年来湿地面临着面积萎缩、功能下降、污染日趋严重等危机,国内外学者对湿地保持着持续关注与研究,其中对湿地重金属的污染评价就是湿地科学研究领域的重要内容之一。笔者通过对国内十多年来有关重金属污染方面的报道进行整理分析,回顾总结了湖泊、河流、三角洲以及滨海等类型湿地的底泥、水体及土壤中重金属的污染现状与迁移特征,重点对重金属的种类、空间分布以及分析方法等进行总结归纳。在众多研究成果中,对污染物评价的方法以地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法使用最多。